Sustainable Development Goals' health-related indicators for Brazil and Ecuador: an analysis for the period of 1990-2019.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to analyse the evolution of 40 Sustainable Development Goals' (SDGs) health-related indicators in Brazil and Ecuador from 1990 to 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological study of long-term trends in 40 SDGs' health-related indicators for Brazil and Ecuador from 1990 to 2019, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study. METHODS: Forty SDGs' health-related indicators and an index from 1990 to 2017 for Brazil and Ecuador, and their projections up to 2030 were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Burden of Disease website and analysed. The percent annual change (PC) between 1990 and 2019 was calculated for both countries. RESULTS: Both countries have made progress on child stunting (Brazil: PC = -38%; Ecuador: PC = -43%) and child wasting prevalences (Brazil: PC = -42%; Ecuador: PC = -41%), percent of vaccine coverage (Brazil: PC = +215%; Ecuador: PC = +175%), under-5 (Brazil: PC = -75%; Ecuador: PC = -60%) and neonatal mortality rates (Brazil: PC = -69%; Ecuador: PC = -51%), health worker density per 1000 population (Brazil: PC = +153%; Ecuador: PC = +175%), reduction of neglected diseases prevalences (Brazil: PC = -40%; Ecuador: PC = -58%), tuberculosis (Brazil: PC = -27%; Ecuador: PC = -55%) and malaria incidences (Brazil: PC = -97%; Ecuador: PC = -100%), water, sanitation and hygiene mortality rates (Brazil and Ecuador: PC = -89%). However, both countries did not show sufficient improvement in maternal mortality ratio to meet SDGs targets (Brazil: PC = -37%; Ecuador: PC = -40%). Worsening of indicators were found for violence, such as non-intimate partner violence for both countries (Brazil: PC = +26%; Ecuador: PC = +18%) and suicide mortality rate for Ecuador (PC = +66%), child overweight indicator for Brazil (PC = -67%), disaster mortality rates (Brazil: PC = +100%; Ecuador: PC = +325%) and alcohol consumption (Brazil: PC = +46%; Ecuador: PC = +35%). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements are necessary in both countries requiring the strengthening of health and other policies, particularly concerning the prevention and management of violence and alcohol consumption, and preparedness for dealing with environmental disasters.

Tumor fibroso solitario del lóbulo caudado del hígado / Solitary fibrous tumor of the liver caudate lobe

Introduction: Solitary fibrous tumor of the liver (SFTL) constitutes such a rare finding that it has been published only as case reports and to the present date there are only 45 cases published in English medical literature. This article describes the case of a patient treated at our institution with SFTL. Case report: A male 59-years-old patient was diagnosed with a SFTL incidentally found in a computed abdominal tomography taken by another causes, tumor was originating from the caudate lobe. The patient was asymptomatic. At surgery, the tumor was observed originating directly from the caudate lobe through a pedicle measuring approximately 3 cm. The tumor was resected sectioning its implantation pedicle and ligating all arterial, venous and biliary vessels. The SFTL was well encapsulated, measured 15 x 9 x 6 cm and weighted 794 g. The histological diagnosis was a SFTL and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies that reacted positively to CD34 and vimentin and negatively to CD117, S100, smooth-muscle α-actin and desmin. Conclusions: SFTL is an uncommon tumor. The present case is the first reported in Chilean medical literature and presented all the habitually described radiologic, surgical and pathological characteristics.

Introducción: El tumor fibroso solitario del hígado (TFSH) constituye un hallazgo tan raro que se ha publicado únicamente como reportes de caso y hasta el presente se encontraron sólo 45 casos publicados en la literatura inglesa. El presente artículo describe el caso de un paciente que fue tratado en nuestra institución por un TFSH. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino de 59 años de edad al que, en una tomografía abdominal computarizada que se tomó por otras causas, se encontró en forma incidental un gran tumor hepático localizado en el lóbulo caudado del hígado. El paciente no refería síntomas relacionados con el tumor. En la cirugía se observó que el tumor se originaba directamente del lóbulo caudado al cual lo unía un pedículo de aproximadamente 3 cm de diámetro transverso. Se seccionó el tumor desde su base de implantación en el hígado ligándose los vasos arteriales y venosos así como los conductos biliares que se encontraron. Este medía 15 x 9 x 6 cm y pesaba 794 g, se encontraba bien encapsulado. El diagnóstico histológico fue el de un TFSH, el cual se confirmó mediante inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales que resultaron positivos para CD34 y vimentina en las células tumorales y negativos para CD117, S100, α-actina de músculo liso y desmina. Conclusiones: El TFSH es un tumor raro. El presente caso de un TFSH es el primero reportado en la literatura médica chilena y presentó las características radiológicas, quirúrgicas y patológicas habitualmente descritas en estos casos.

Respuesta inflamatoria postoperatoria en pacientes con cáncer gástrico resecado / Postoperative inflammatory response in patients with gastric cancer submitted to total and partial distal gastrectomy

Introduction: The removal of the stomach causes an acute inflammatory response. In some cases this response is exaggerated due to complications. The main purpose of this study was to describe the expected inflammatory response to gastrectomy. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of consecutive patients submitted to gastrectomy for gastric cancer. For analytical purposes, the cohort was divided in complicated and uncomplicated patients. Uncomplicated patients were further divided in total gastrectomy and partial gastrectomy. The main outcome measure was to compare the inflammatory response of uncomplicated and complicated patients. The secondary outcome measure was to compare the inflammatory response of uncomplicated patients submitted to total and partial gastrectomy along the timeline. Results: Preoperative values were similar between groups. At 24 h after gastrectomy, complicated patients showed significantly higher values for D-dimer, CRP and WBC. Further analysis comparing uncomplicated patients showed normal preoperative values and a mild elevation of inflammatory parameters which was similar in both groups of patients. Conclusions: The expected systemic inflammatory response to partial or total gastrectomy was mild. Elevations of inflammatory values were shown early by complicated patients, constituting reliable parameters to identify postoperative inflammatory complications.

Introducción: La extirpación del estómago produce una respuesta inflamatoria aguda. En algunos casos esta respuesta es exagerada debido al desarrollo de complicaciones. El objetivo general del presente estudio es el de describir la respuesta inflamatoria esperable en pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía. Métodos: Análisis prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos sometidos a gastrectomía por cáncer gástrico. La cohorte se analizó dividida en pacientes sin complicaciones y pacientes que sufrieron complicaciones. Los pacientes sin complicaciones fueron además divididos en pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía total y parcial. El objetivo principal fue comparar la respuesta inflamatoria de pacientes complicados con pacientes sin complicaciones. El objetivo secundario fue comparar la respuesta inflamatoria de los pacientes no complicados sometidos a gastrectomía total con los pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía parcial. Resultados: Los valores de los exámenes preoperatorios fueron similares entre todos los grupos. A las 24 h después de la gastrectomía, los pacientes complicados mostraron valores significativamente mayores de la proteína C reactiva, leucocitos y dímero-D. El análisis comparativo de los pacientes sin complicaciones, sometidos a gastrectomía total y parcial, mostró una moderada elevación de los parámetros inflamatorios, la cual fue similar en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La respuesta inflamatoria esperable a la gastrectomía total o parcial es moderada. Los pacientes que sufrieron complicaciones mostraron precozmente una importante elevación de sus parámetros inflamatorios lo que permite sospechar el desarrollo de complicaciones postoperatorias.

Tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas en la IV región / Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas

Introduction: The solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (STP) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm. In Chile, 21 cases have been reported since 2008, most of them treated in Santiago. The present series contributes to the national case-load and has the purpose to describe the experience with this uncommon neoplasm in the IV Region. Patients and Methods: From January 2004 to March 2014, a total of 38 benign and malignant pancreatic neoplasms have been informed in the data-base of our Regional Pathology Service. We selected the biopsies informed as STP and 5 cases (13 percent) were found. The clinical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. The results were reported using descriptive statistics with central tendency measures and dispersion. Results: Most patients were women with a mean age of 44.8 years. All patients were studied with either abdominal ultrasound; computed tomography or magnetic resonance. In 2 patients the STP was located in the pancreatic tail, and they were submitted to distal pancreatectomy. The other 3 patients had the STP in the pancreatic head and were resolved by pancreatoduodenectomy. All tumors were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Late follow-up showed malignant behavior in 1 patient while the other 4 patients are currently free of disease. Conclusions: The general characteristics of STP in the IV Region are similar to what is currently known. They present a high incidence compared with the habitually published incidence.

Introducción: El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas (TSP) es una neoplasia con bajo potencial maligno. En Chile se han reportado 21 casos desde el año 2008, 18 de ellos tratados en instituciones de Santiago. La presente serie además de contribuir a la casuística nacional, tiene como objetivo la descripción de la experiencia de la IV Región con el manejo de estos tumores. Pacientes y Métodos: Entre enero de 2004 y marzo de 2014 se informaron 38 biopsias de tumores pancreáticos benignos y malignos en la base de datos del Servicio de Patología Regional. Se seleccionaron las biopsias informadas como TSP, las que constituyen 5 casos (13 por ciento) y se revisaron las fichas clínicas en forma retrospectiva. Para el informe de los resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 44,8 años, siendo la mayoría mujeres. Los pacientes fueron estudiados con ecografía, tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética. En 2 pacientes el TSP se localizaba en la cola del páncreas, estos pacientes fueron sometidos a pancreatectomía distal. En los otros 3 casos el TSP se encontraba en la cabeza del páncreas y fueron resueltos mediante pancreatoduodenectomía. Los TSP fueron confirmados por inmunohistoquímica. El comportamiento posterior fue benigno en 4 casos y maligno en 1 caso. Conclusiones: Las características de los TSP en la IV Región son similares a las conocidas y presentan una alta incidencia comparada con la habitualmente reportada.

[Comparison of two models of prescription quality indicators in primary care]. / Comparación de dos modelos de indicadores de la calidad de la prescripción farmacéutica en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of prescriptions in primary care area through indicators established by a team of physicians and to analyze the relationship between these indicators and those used by the Spanish public health system (INSALUD) in the same area. METHODS: An observational, cross sectional study was performed in a primary care area in Asturias with 156,614 inhabitants and 9 health centers. An overall quality score was obtained for each of the physicians in the primary care area by using quality indicators and standards agreed on by the prescribers themselves. The relationship between the score obtained and the indicators normally used in the area by INSALUD and pharmaceutical cost was also analyzed. RESULTS: Mean compliance with the optimal standard was 29%. The mean overall quality score was 3.24. None of the physicians achieved the maximum score of 11. No significant association was found between the score and the indicators for drugs of limited clinical value. Adherence to the pharmaceutical guide for the area was positively correlated with quality (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). A negative linear association (p < 0.001) was found between the overall quality score and incurred cost. The adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.29. CONCLUSIONS: Poor prescribing quality was widespread. Indicators for drugs of limited clinical value, frequently used as a measure of quality, showed no relationship with quality. Adherence to the area's pharmaceutical guide remains a valid indicator of prescribing quality. Overall, there was a correlation between higher quality and lower prescribing cost, although this correlation was not found for individual physicians.

Comparación de dos modelos de indicadores de la calidad de la prescripción farmacéutica en atención primaria / Comparison of two models of prescription quality indicators in primary care

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de prescripción en un área de atención primaria (AP) a partir de indicadores elaborados por los médicos de equipo y estudiar su relación con los indicadores de prescripción usados por el Insalud en el área. Métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional transversal. Se llevó a cabo en un área de AP de Asturias con 156.614 habitantes y 9 centros de salud. Se obtuvo una puntuación global de calidad para cada uno de los médicos de equipo de AP a partir de unos indicadores y estándares de calidad consensuados por los prescriptores. Se estudió la relación de la puntuación con los indicadores medidos de forma habitual en el área por el Insalud y con el gasto farmacéutico. Resultados: El promedio de cumplimiento del estándar óptimo se situó en un 29 por ciento. Se obtuvo un valor promedio para la puntuación global de calidad de 3,24. Ningún médico alcanzó la máxima puntuación de 11.No se encontró ninguna asociación significativa de la puntuación con el indicador de fármacos con utilidad terapéutica baja. La adhesión a la Guía Farmacoterapéutica del Área se correlacionó positivamente con la calidad (r = 0,44; p < 0,001).Se halló una asociación lineal negativa (p < 0,001) entre la puntuación global de calidad y el gasto. El coeficiente de determinación ajustado fue de 0,29.Conclusiones: Se halló una baja calidad de prescripción de forma generalizada. El indicador de fármacos con utilidad terapéutica baja, frecuentemente usado para medir la calidad, no demostró tener una relación con la misma. La adhesión a la Guía Farmacoterapéutica del Área mantiene su validez como indicador de calidad de prescripción. Además, aunque no individualizadamente, existió una correlación entre la mayor calidad y el menor coste de la prescripción. (AU)

[Detection of prescription errors in drug dispensing: incidence and typology]. / Detección del error de prescripción en la dispensación farmacéutica: incidencia y tipología.

OBJECTIVE: Description and quantification of the types of prescribing errors during dispensing activities at community pharmacies. DESIGN: Descriptive transversal study carry out along four weekly periods. SITE. Eighteen pharmacies from six of the spanish autonomous regions dispensing prescription orders mainly issued by the National Health Service. PATIENTS AND OTHER TAKING PART: 37,321 prescriptions of specialties dispensed by the mentioned pharmacies along the four week period. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: An unstructured questionnary was applied to all persons asking for one of the mentioned prescriptions. When an error was suspected, a second structured questionnary was applied by the pharmacist to the order bearer and the answers plus the information contents at the prescription form was collected on a data-sheet. Data were processed on a dBase and SPSS programs. Incidence detected error of 1.35%. Types of error classified into five categories. Study of the variability of error detection by week and by pharmacy. Analysis and comparison with references of the "order author" data and "prescriptor" data. CONCLUSIONS: Our global incidence of detected error was lower in relation with other studies. We found short differences by weeks and large by pharmacies. Inadequate definition of the drug was the most frequent type of error. The detection frequency of posology error was higher following the use of the new prescription order model. The number of orders from different prescriptor/author was larger in our study in relation to the notified by other studies.

[Design of a vaccination campaign against hepatitis b virus]. / Diseño de una campaña de vacunacion frente al virus de la hepatitis B.

Plans for a vaccination campaign among the health care personnel at the "Valle del Nalón" Hospital are discussed. For this purpose, first of all, the serological testing to determine the markers as compared to the VHB was done using the ELISA technique, and in following, the vaccine based on genetic engineering, ENGERIX BR was provided, initially according to the criteria established to this effect by law, and then from a less restricted view, according to the principles which are given in the text. We have observed that 14.74% of the workers in our town have some positive marker priori to the vaccination and that 1.81% are carriers. The level of tolerance was that of 45.79%, said level being related to the professional group in question and the service in which they work, differences obtained in both cases being statistically quite significant (p less than 0.0001).